[The anesthesiologist facing terminality: a survey-based observational study]. / O anestesiologista frente à terminalidade.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Advances in medicine, including anesthesiology and resuscitation, have made natural death increasingly rare. As a consequence, dysthanasia has become usual in a scenario for which there is not rationale. The present study aimed to assess the level of knowledge of Brazilian anesthesiologists on the principles of dysthanasia and orthothanasia. Thence, we studied the management preferences of these professionals, vis-à-vis those practices, as well as how medical school contributed to addressing death-related issues. METHOD: Quantitative approach, prospective and descriptive cohort that included 150 anesthesiologists, members of the Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology, and who were invited to participate by email. An online questionnaire containing 38 questions was prepared by the authors. The study was approved by the Instructional Research Ethics Committee. RESULTS: Anesthesiologists, although claiming to know dysthanasia and orthothanasia, mostly acquired knowledge outside medical school. If faced with their own end of care, or of a patient or a loved one, they prefer orthothanasia, to die at home, prioritizing dignity. However, the specialists claimed to have already practiced dysthanasia, even when orthothanasia was the choice management, which caused them negative feelings. Almost all respondents stated that they did not have practical training in undergraduate school on how to face end-of-life issues, although they felt capable of identifying it. Most were not aware of Federal Council of Medicine Resolution 1.805/06 that makes practicing orthothanasia feasible. Anesthesiologists' religion or the political-administrative region of residence had no effect on their preferences. CONCLUSIONS: Anesthesiologists claim to have knowledge on dysthanasia and orthothanasia, but prefer, in the face of a terminally ill patient, to practice orthothanasia, although dysthanasia is usual, and results in frustration and indignation. The medical school curriculum is unsatisfactory in addressing death-related issues.

Can an inflammatory reaction in the meninges, caused by spinal puncture through tattooed skin, evolve into adhesive arachnoiditis? An experimental model in rabbits.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: As the number of people with tattoos has been increasing, anesthesiologists are more and more faced with the decision to perform a neuraxial blockage through tattooed skin. In this study, we evaluated the possibility of puncture through tattooed skin determines acute inflammatory changes in the meninges and spinal cord and later evolve into adhesive arachnoiditis. METHOD: Forty-two male rabbits were randomized into 3 groups of 14: G1, spinal puncture through non-tattooed skin and saline solution injection; G2, spinal puncture through tattooed skin and saline solution injection, captive for 30 days; G3, spinal puncture through tattooed skin and saline solution injection, captive for 360 days. The animals were anesthetized and ultrasound-guided spinal puncture was performed in the intervertebral spaces between S1 - S2. During the period of captivity, the animals were clinically assessed for sensitivity and motor function. After that, they were sacrificed and the lumbosacral portion of the spinal cord was excised for histological analysis. RESULTS: No histological changes were found on group 1. Eleven animals from group two presented with foci of perivascular lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate in the pia mater and/or arachnoid. In Group 3, eight rabbits presented with inflammatory changes in the meninges, which were associated with thickening and/or adhesion of the pia mater and arachnoid in some cases and five rabbits presented only thickening of pia-mater. CONCLUSIONS: Spinal puncture through tattooed skin of rabbits can trigger acute inflammatory changes in the meninges and after a prolonged period of observation evolve into adhesive arachnoiditis.

Total Spinal Anesthesia Failure: Have You Assessed the Sensory Anesthesia in Sacral Dermatomes?

Intrathecal local anesthetic maldistribution is a well-known cause of spinal anesthesia failure (SAF). This could potentially result in sensory blockade restricted to the sacral dermatomes. We sought to determine the overall incidence of SAF and the role of sacral dermatomes in differentiating between total and partial failures. Of the 3111 spinals prospectively examined, 194 (6.2%) were classified as failures. Of the 72 presumed total failures based on the initial assessment, evaluation of the sacral dermatomes revealed sensory blockade in 32 (44%; 95% confidence interval, 32.7%-56.6%). Sacral dermatome assessment after SAF may be important in safely guiding subsequent anesthetic management.

Ultrasound as a safe and reliable guidance for subarachnoid puncture in rabbits.

PURPOSE:: To evaluate a model for studying the toxicity in nervous tissue and meninges using ultrasound to guide needle insertion into the subarachnoid space of rabbits, with the objective of avoiding injuries triggered by the puncture and by intraneural injection of solutions. METHODS:: Forty-five adult female rabbits were divided into 3 groups (G): G1 underwent subarachnoid puncture, G2 underwent subarachnoid injection of saline solution and G3 underwent subarachnoid injection of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine. A needle was inserted into the S1-S2 subarachnoid space guided by ultrasound. The sensitivity and motility of the animals were evaluated for 3 days, after which the animals were sacrificed for removal of lumbar and sacral portions of the spinal cord for histological examination by light microscopy and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS:: All animals had motor function and pain sensitivity on the evaluation period. No animal had complication during or after the procedures. CONCLUSION:: Ultrasound is a useful and safe method for the correct identification of the subarachnoid space of rabbits.

Ultrasound as a safe and reliable guidance for subarachnoid puncture in rabbits

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate a model for studying the toxicity in nervous tissue and meninges using ultrasound to guide needle insertion into the subarachnoid space of rabbits, with the objective of avoiding injuries triggered by the puncture and by intraneural injection of solutions. Methods: Forty-five adult female rabbits were divided into 3 groups (G): G1 underwent subarachnoid puncture, G2 underwent subarachnoid injection of saline solution and G3 underwent subarachnoid injection of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine. A needle was inserted into the S1-S2 subarachnoid space guided by ultrasound. The sensitivity and motility of the animals were evaluated for 3 days, after which the animals were sacrificed for removal of lumbar and sacral portions of the spinal cord for histological examination by light microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Results: All animals had motor function and pain sensitivity on the evaluation period. No animal had complication during or after the procedures. Conclusion: Ultrasound is a useful and safe method for the correct identification of the subarachnoid space of rabbits.

Avaliação do conhecimento de dor pós-operatória entre participantes em jornada científica virtual em Anestesiologia / Evaluation of the knowledge of postoperative pain among participants of a virtual scientific journey in Anesthesiology

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A dor pós-operatória continua sendo subtratada, o que está associado ao aumento de morbimortalidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o conhecimento de médicos que se inscreveram em jornada virtual em Anestesiologia. O anestesiologista é profissional frequentemente envolvido no tratamento da dor pós-operatória. MÉTODOS: Quinhentos participantes de uma jornada virtual em Anestesiologia foram convidados a responder a questionário disponível no site SurveyMonkey sobre conhecimentos específicos em dor pós-operatória e o seu tratamento. RESULTADOS: Responderam ao questionário 136 indivíduos e, segundo a opinião de 94,86% deles, o tratamento da dor pós-operatória pode diminuir a incidência da dor pós-operatória persistente. Para 72 participantes (52,95%) a dor pós-operatória é bem tratada onde atuam. Para 71 participantes, mais de 50% dos pacientes apresentam dor pós-operatória. Excluindo o medo do ato anestésico, os maiores temores dos pacientes, segundo resposta de 49,26 e 37,5% dos entrevistados, é o de sentir dor durante a realização do procedimento cirúrgico e após a realização da cirurgia, respectivamente. Para 74, (75%) participantes a prescrição "se necessário" de analgésicos deve ser evitada na dor pós-operatória. CONCLUSÃO: Os participantes da jornada virtual, de modo geral, têm pouco conhecimento da problemática da dor pós-operatória, provavelmente em decorrência do seu pouco contato com os pacientes internados. Essas deficiências podem ser sanadas com a educação continuada, e melhorias nos programas curriculares e de residência da faculdade de medicina.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Postoperative pain still undertreated, which is associated to increased morbidity and mortality. This study aimed at evaluating the knowledge of physicians participating in a virtual journey in Anesthesiology. Anesthesiologists are professionals often involved with postoperative pain management. METHODS: Five hundred participants of a virtual journey in Anesthesiology were invited to answer a questionnaire available in SurveyMonkey website on specific knowledge of postoperative pain and its management. RESULTS: The questionnaire was answered by 136 individuals and, according to 94.86% of them, postoperative pain management may decrease the incidence of chronic postoperative pain. For 72 (52.95%) participants, postoperative pain is adequately managed in their workplaces. For 71 participants, more than 50% of patients refer postoperative pain. Excluding fear of anesthesia, major concerns of patients, according to 49.26 and 37.5% of respondents, is fear of feeling pain during surgery and after surgery, respectively. For 74 (75%) participants, analgesic prescription "as needed" should be avoided for postoperative pain. CONCLUSION: In general, participants of the virtual journey are not familiar with the problems of postoperative pain, probably due to their limited contact with hospitalized patients. These deficiencies may be solved with ongoing education and and improvements in the medical school curricula and residency programs.

Decompressive Hemicraniectomy in a South American Population--Morbidity and Outcomes Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Malignant cerebral artery strokes have a poor prognosis, with nearly 80% of mortality in some series despite intensive care. After a large randomized trial, decompressive hemicraniectomy has been performed more often in stroke patients. Here, we describe patients in a tertiary teaching hospital in Brazil, emphasizing the impact of age on outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective cohort of patients, with malignant strokes which received a decompressive hemicraniectomy, from paper and electronic medical records, from January 2010 to December 2013 was divided into two groups according to age. RESULTS: The final analysis included 60 patients. The overall mortality was higher among patients older than 60 yrs (67% vs. 41%; p = 0.039), whose group also had a worse outcome (76% with mRS 5 or 6) at 90 days (OR 3.91 CI95% 1.30-11.74), whereas only 24% had mRS of 0-4 (p = 0.015). All patients who presented with sepsis died (p = 0.003). The incidence of pulmonary infection was very high in the elderly group (76%) with significant intergroup differences (p = 0.027, OR 8.32 CI95% 0.70-98.48). CONCLUSIONS: Older patients present more commonly with infections, more disabilities and a higher mortality, highlighting very poor results in elderly population. These results should be proved with a South American trial, and if confirmed, it can impact on future decisions regarding decompressive craniectomy for acute ischemic stroke in our region.

Myocardial contractility impairment with racemic bupivacaine, non-racemic bupivacaine and ropivacaine. A comparative study.

PURPOSE: To study racemic bupivacaine, non-racemic bupivacaine and ropivacaine on myocardial contractility. METHODS: Isolated Wistar papillary muscles were submitted to 50 and 100 mM racemic bupivacaine (B50 and B100), non-racemic bupivacaine (NR50 and NR100) and ropivacaine (R50 and R100) intoxication. Isometric contraction data were obtained in basal condition (0.2 Hz), after increasing the frequency of stimulation to 1.0 Hz and after 5, 10 and 15 min of local anesthetic intoxication. Data were analyzed as relative changes of variation. RESULTS: Developed tension was higher with R100 than B100 at D1 (4.3 ± 41.1 vs -57.9 ± 48.1). Resting tension was altered with B50 (-10.6 ± 23.8 vs -4.7 ± 5.0) and R50 (-14.0 ± 20.5 vs -0.5 ± 7.1) between D1 and D3. Maximum rate of tension development was lower with B100 (-56.6 ± 38.0) than R50 (-6.3 ± 37.9) and R100 (-1.9 ± 37.2) in D1. B50, B100 and NR100 modified the maximum rate of tension decline from D1 through D2. Time to peak tension was changed with NR50 between D1 and D2. CONCLUSIONS: Racemic bupivacaine depressed myocardial contractile force more than non-racemic bupivacaine and ropivacaine. Non-racemic and racemic bupivacaine caused myocardial relaxation impairment more than ropivacaine.

Myocardial contractility impairment with racemic bupivacaine, non-racemic bupivacaine and ropivacaine. A comparative study

PURPOSE: To study racemic bupivacaine, non-racemic bupivacaine and ropivacaine on myocardial contractility. METHODS: Isolated Wistar papillary muscles were submitted to 50 and 100 mM racemic bupivacaine (B50 and B100), non-racemic bupivacaine (NR50 and NR100) and ropivacaine (R50 and R100) intoxication. Isometric contraction data were obtained in basal condition (0.2 Hz), after increasing the frequency of stimulation to 1.0 Hz and after 5, 10 and 15 min of local anesthetic intoxication. Data were analyzed as relative changes of variation. RESULTS: Developed tension was higher with R100 than B100 at D1 (4.3 ± 41.1 vs -57.9 ± 48.1). Resting tension was altered with B50 (-10.6 ± 23.8 vs -4.7 ± 5.0) and R50 (-14.0 ± 20.5 vs -0.5 ± 7.1) between D1 and D3. Maximum rate of tension development was lower with B100 (-56.6 ± 38.0) than R50 (-6.3 ± 37.9) and R100 (-1.9 ± 37.2) in D1. B50, B100 and NR100 modified the maximum rate of tension decline from D1 through D2. Time to peak tension was changed with NR50 between D1 and D2. CONCLUSIONS: Racemic bupivacaine depressed myocardial contractile force more than non-racemic bupivacaine and ropivacaine. Non-racemic and racemic bupivacaine caused myocardial relaxation impairment more than ropivacaine. .

Effects of catecholamines on volemic replacement with saline solution and the impact on heart rate variability in rabbits subjected to hemorrhage. A study by spectral analysis.

PURPOSE: To verify the effects of different catecholamines on volemic expansion and on the autonomic nervous system in rabbits that were subjected to hemorrhage. METHODS: Twenty four rabbits subjected to hemorrhage (with a 25% loss of blood volume) and were randomly divided into four experimental groups: 1) HEMO Group underwent replacement with their own blood in an equal volume; 2) SS Group underwent replacement with saline solution (SS) in a volume that corresponded to three times the removed blood volume; 3) ISP Group underwent replacement with SS and isoprenaline; 4) FNL Group underwent replacement with SS and phenylephrine. Spectral Analysis of the heart rate and heart rate variability were performed from the recorded data. Hematocrit was measured throughout the experiment. RESULTS: Replacement with SS and an α- or ß-agonist did not produce differences in the intravascular retention compared to replacement with SS alone. An analysis of HRV showed that the FNL group maintained the LF/HF ratio better than ISP and SS. CONCLUSIONS: No difference in vascular retention when α- or ß- agonists were added to SS during post-hemorrhagic recovery. The animals in the FNL group maintained the integrity of the autonomic response within normal physiological standards during hemorrhagic stress.

Effects of catecholamines on volemic replacement with saline solution and the impact on heart rate variability in rabbits subjected to hemorrhage. A study by spectral analysis

PURPOSE: To verify the effects of different catecholamines on volemic expansion and on the autonomic nervous system in rabbits that were subjected to hemorrhage. METHODS: Twenty four rabbits subjected to hemorrhage (with a 25% loss of blood volume) and were randomly divided into four experimental groups: 1) HEMO Group underwent replacement with their own blood in an equal volume; 2) SS Group underwent replacement with saline solution (SS) in a volume that corresponded to three times the removed blood volume; 3) ISP Group underwent replacement with SS and isoprenaline; 4) FNL Group underwent replacement with SS and phenylephrine. Spectral Analysis of the heart rate and heart rate variability were performed from the recorded data. Hematocrit was measured throughout the experiment. RESULTS: Replacement with SS and an α- or β-agonist did not produce differences in the intravascular retention compared to replacement with SS alone. An analysis of HRV showed that the FNL group maintained the LF/HF ratio better than ISP and SS. CONCLUSIONS: No difference in vascular retention when α- or β- agonists were added to SS during post-hemorrhagic recovery. The animals in the FNL group maintained the integrity of the autonomic response within normal physiological standards during hemorrhagic stress. .

Serum cystatin C is a sensitive early marker for changes in the glomerular filtration rate in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopy results in transient oliguria and decreased glomerular filtration and renal blood flow. The presence of oliguria and elevated serum creatinine is suggestive of acute renal injury. Serum cystatin C has been described as a new marker for the detection of this type of injury. In this study, our aim was to compare the glomerular filtration rate estimated using cystatin C levels with the rate estimated using serum creatinine in patients with normal renal function who were undergoing laparoscopic surgery. METHODS: In total, 41 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy or hiatoplasty were recruited for the study. Blood samples were collected at three time intervals: first, before intubation (T1); second, 30 minutes after the establishment of pneumoperitoneum (T2); and third, 30 minutes after deflation of the pneumoperitoneum (T3). These blood samples were then analyzed for serum cystatin C, creatinine, and vasopressin. The Larsson formula was used to calculate the glomerular filtration rate based on the serum cystatin C levels, and the Cockcroft-Gault formula was used to calculate the glomerular filtration rate according to the serum creatinine levels. RESULTS: Serum cystatin C levels increased during the study (T1 = T2T3; p<0.05). The calculated eGlomerular filtration rate-Larsson decreased, whereas the eGlomerular filtration rate-Cockcroft-Gault increased. There was no correlation between cystatin C and serum creatinine. Additionally, Pearson's analysis showed a better correlation between serum cystatin C and the eGlomerular filtration rate than between serum creatinine and the eGlomerular filtration rate. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that serum cystatin C is a more sensitive indicator of changes in the glomerular filtration rate than serum creatinine is in patients with normal renal function who are undergoing laparoscopic procedures.

Serum cystatin C is a sensitive early marker for changes in the glomerular filtration rate in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery

OBJECTIVE: Pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopy results in transient oliguria and decreased glomerular filtration and renal blood flow. The presence of oliguria and elevated serum creatinine is suggestive of acute renal injury. Serum cystatin C has been described as a new marker for the detection of this type of injury. In this study, our aim was to compare the glomerular filtration rate estimated using cystatin C levels with the rate estimated using serum creatinine in patients with normal renal function who were undergoing laparoscopic surgery. METHODS: In total, 41 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy or hiatoplasty were recruited for the study. Blood samples were collected at three time intervals: first, before intubation (T1); second, 30 minutes after the establishment of pneumoperitoneum (T2); and third, 30 minutes after deflation of the pneumoperitoneum (T3). These blood samples were then analyzed for serum cystatin C, creatinine, and vasopressin. The Larsson formula was used to calculate the glomerular filtration rate based on the serum cystatin C levels, and the Cockcroft-Gault formula was used to calculate the glomerular filtration rate according to the serum creatinine levels. RESULTS: Serum cystatin C levels increased during the study (T1 = T2<T3; p<0.05), whereas serum creatinine levels decreased (T1 = T2>T3; p<0.05). The calculated eGlomerular filtration rate-Larsson decreased, whereas the eGlomerular filtration rate-Cockcroft-Gault increased. There was no correlation between cystatin C and serum creatinine. Additionally, Pearson's analysis showed a better correlation between serum cystatin C and the eGlomerular filtration rate than between serum creatinine and the eGlomerular filtration rate. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that serum cystatin C is a more sensitive indicator of changes in the glomerular filtration rate than serum creatinine is in patients with normal ...

The effects of subarachnoid administration of preservative-free S(+)-ketamine on spinal cord and meninges in dogs.

BACKGROUND: The N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine and its active enantiomer, S(+)-ketamine, have been injected in the epidural and subarachnoid spaces to treat acute postoperative pain and relieve neuropathic pain syndrome. In this study we evaluated the effects of a single dose of preservative-free S(+)-ketamine, in doses usually used in clinical practice, in the spinal cord and meninges of dogs. METHODS: Under anesthesia (IV etomidate (2 mg/kg) and fentanyl (0.005 mg/kg), 16 dogs (6 to 15 kg) were randomized to receive a lumbar intrathecal injection (L5/6) of saline solution of 0.9% (control group) or S(+)-ketamine 1 mg/kg(-1) (ketamine group). All doses were administered in a volume of 1 mL over a 10-second interval. Accordingly, injection solution ranged from 0.6% to 1.5%. After 21 days of clinical observation, the animals were killed; spinal cord, cauda equina root, and meninges were removed for histological examination with light microscopy. Tissues were examined for demyelination (Masson trichrome), neuronal death (hematoxylin and eosin) and astrocyte activation (glial fibrillary acidic protein). RESULTS: No clinical or histological alterations of spinal tissue or meninges were found in animals from either control or ketamine groups. CONCLUSION: A single intrathecal injection of preservative-free S(+)-ketamine, at 1 mg/kg(-1) dosage, over a concentration range of 6 to 15 mg/mL injected in the subarachnoid space in a single puncture, did not produce histological alterations in this experimental model.

Análise retrospectiva de fatores de risco e preditores de complicações intraoperatórias dos bloqueios do neuroeixo realizados na Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu-UNESP / Retrospective analysis of risk factors and predictors of intraoperative complications in neuraxial blocks at Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu-UNESP

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: As alterações cardiovasculares associadas aos bloqueios do neuroeixo apresentam interesse pela frequência com que ocorrem e porque algumas delas podem ser consideradas efeitos fisiológicos desencadeados pelo bloqueio do sistema nervoso simpático. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar as complicações cardiovasculares intraoperatórias e os fatores preditores associados aos bloqueios do neuroeixo em pacientes com idades > 18 anos submetidos a procedimentos não obstétricos, em um período de 18 anos, em hospital universitário de atendimento terciário-HCFMB-UNESP. MÉTODO: Foi realizada análise retrospectiva das seguintes complicações: hipertensão arterial, hipotensão arterial, bradicardia sinusal e taquicardia sinusal. Tais complicações foram correlacionadas com técnica anestésica, estado físico (ASA), idade, sexo e comorbidades pré-operatórias. Para a análise estatística, foram utilizadas o teste de Tukey para comparações entre proporções e regressão logística. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 32.554 pacientes submetidos a bloqueios do neuroeixo e houve 4.109 citações de hipotensão arterial, 1.107 de bradicardia sinusal, 601 de taquicardia sinusal e 466 de hipertensão arterial no período intraoperatório. Hipotensão foi mais frequente nos pacientes submetidos à anestesia subaracnoidea contínua (29,4 por cento, OR = 2,39), com idades > 61 anos e do sexo feminino (OR = 1,27). CONCLUSÕES: Hipotensão e bradicardia intraoperatórias foram complicações mais frequentes, sendo que a hipotensão arterial esteve relacionada à técnica anestésica (ASC), faixa etária elevada e sexo feminino. Taquicardia e hipertensão arterial podem não ter sido diretamente relacionadas aos bloqueios do neuroeixo.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cardiovascular changes associated with neuraxial blocks are a cause of concern due to their frequency and because some of them can be considered physiological effects triggered by the sympathetic nervous system blockade. The objective of this study was to evaluate intraoperative cardiovascular complications and predictive factors associated with neuraxial blocks in patients > 18 years of age undergoing non-obstetric procedures over an 18-year period in a tertiary university hospital - HCFMB-UNESP. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the following complications was undertaken: hypertension, hypotension, sinus bradycardia, and sinus tachycardia. These complications were correlated with anesthetic technique, physical status (ASA), age, gender, and preoperative co-morbidities. The Tukey test for comparisons among proportions and logistic regression was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: 32,554 patients underwent neuraxial blocks. Intraoperative complications mentioned included hypotension (n = 4,109), sinus bradycardia (n = 1,107), sinus tachycardia (n = 601), and hypertension (n = 466). Hypotension was seen more often in patients undergoing continuous subarachnoid anesthesia (29.4 percent, OR = 2.39), > 61 years of age, and female (OR = 1.27). CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative hypotension and bradycardia were the complications observed more often. Hypotension was related to anesthetic technique (CSA), increased age, and female. Tachycardia and hypertension may not have been directly related to neuraxial blocks.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Las alteraciones cardiovasculares asociadas a los bloqueos del neuro eje son de interés por la frecuencia con que ocurren y porque algunas de ellas pueden ser consideradas como efectos fisiológicos desencadenados por el bloqueo del sistema nervioso simpático. El objetivo de esta investigación, fue evaluar las complicaciones cardiovasculares intraoperatorias y los factores predictores asociados a los bloqueos del neuro eje, en pacientes con edades > 18 años, sometidos a procedimientos no obstétricos, en un período de 18 años, en un hospital universitario de atención terciario-HCFMB-UNESP. MÉTODO: Fue realizado un análisis retrospectivo de las siguientes complicaciones: hipertensión arterial, hipotensión arterial, bradicardia sinusal y taquicardia sinusal. Esas complicaciones se correlacionaron con la técnica anestésica, estado físico (ASA), edad, sexo y comorbilidades preoperatorias. Para el análisis estadístico, se usó el test de Tukey para las comparaciones entre las proporciones y la regresión logística. RESULTADOS: Fueron evaluados 32.554 pacientes sometidos a bloqueos del neuro eje y hubo 4.109 apariciones de hipotensión arterial, 1.107 de bradicardia sinusal, 601 de taquicardia sinusal y 466 de hipertensión arterial en el período intraoperatorio. La hipotensión fue más frecuente en los pacientes sometidos a la anestesia subaracnoidea continua (29,4 por ciento, OR = 2,39), con edades > 61 años y pertenecientes al sexo femenino (OR =1,27). CONCLUSIONES: La hipotensión y la bradicardia intraoperatorias fueron las complicaciones más frecuentes, siendo que la hipotensión arterial se relacionó con la técnica anestésica (ASC), franja etaria elevada y sexo femenino. La taquicardia y la hipertensión arterial pueden no haber sido directamente relacionadas con los bloqueos del neuro eje.

Retrospective analysis of risk factors and predictors of intraoperative complications in neuraxial blocks at Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu-UNESP.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cardiovascular changes associated with neuraxial blocks are a cause of concern due to their frequency and because some of them can be considered physiological effects triggered by the sympathetic nervous system blockade. The objective of this study was to evaluate intraoperative cardiovascular complications and predictive factors associated with neuraxial blocks in patients ≥ 18 years of age undergoing non-obstetric procedures over an 18-year period in a tertiary university hospital--HCFMB-UNESP. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the following complications was undertaken: hypertension, hypotension, sinus bradycardia, and sinus tachycardia. These complications were correlated with anesthetic technique, physical status (ASA), age, gender, and preoperative co-morbidities. The Tukey test for comparisons among proportions and logistic regression was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: 32,554 patients underwent neuraxial blocks. Intraoperative complications mentioned included hypotension (n=4,109), sinus bradycardia (n=1,107), sinus tachycardia (n=601), and hypertension (n=466). Hypotension was seen more often in patients undergoing continuous subarachnoid anesthesia (29.4%, OR=2.39), ≥ 61 years of age, and female (OR=1.27). CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative hypotension and bradycardia were the complications observed more often. Hypotension was related to anesthetic technique (CSA), increased age, and female. Tachycardia and hypertension may not have been directly related to neuraxial blocks.

Continuous bilateral posterior lumbar plexus block with a disposable infusion pump: case report.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The number of bilateral total hip arthroplasties (THA) has been increasing every year. Postoperative analgesia by continuous perineural infusion of local anesthetic has been shown favorable results when compared to systemic analgesia. The use of elastomeric pumps has increased patient satisfaction when compared to electronic models. The objective of this report was to describe a case of continuous bilateral posterior lumbar plexus block with an elastomeric infusion pump in a patient submitted to bilateral hip arthroplasty. CASE REPORT: This is a 46 year-old female patient weighing 65 kg, 162 cm, with rheumatoid arthritis and hypertension, physical status ASA II, scheduled for bilateral THA in a single stage. She had been on corticosteroids for 13 years. Hemoglobin=10.1 g.dL⁻¹, hematocrit=32.7%. Routine monitoring. Spinal anesthesia with 15 mg of 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine. General anesthesia with propofol (PFS) and remifentanil, and intubation without neuromuscular blockers. Right THA and, at the end, lumbar plexus block with a stimulator and a set of 150 mm needle and injection of 20 mL of 0.2% bupivacaine and introduction of a catheter. Left THA and, at the end, the same procedure. Anesthetic dispersion and contrast were investigated. Elastomeric pump was installed with 0.1% bupivacaine (400 mL) at a rate of 14 mL.h⁻¹. The patient was transferred to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). After 24 hour, a new pump was installed with the same solution. She did not receive any boluses for 50 hours. After removal of the catheter, pain was controlled with oral ketoprofen and dypirone. CONCLUSIONS: Continuous peripheral blockade with infusion of 0.1% bupivacaine with elastomeric pumps is a safe and effective procedure in adults.

Bloqueio contínuo do plexo lombar via posterior bilateral com bomba de infusão descartável: relato de caso / Continuous bilateral posterior lumbar plexus block with a disposable infusion pump: case report

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O número de artroplastia total de quadril (ATQ) bilateral tem aumentado a cada ano. Analgesia pós-operatória pela infusão contínua perineural com anestésico local tem se mostrado favorável quando comparada com analgesia sistêmica. O uso de bombas elastoméricas tem aumentado a satisfação do paciente quando em comparação com os modelos eletrônicos. O objetivo deste relato foi descrever um caso de analgesia contínua bilateral do plexo lombar via posterior, com infusão contínua através de bomba elastomérica, em paciente submetido à uma artroplastia bilateral de quadril. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente feminina, 46 anos, 65 kg, 162 cm, com artrite reumatoide e hipertensão arterial, estado físico ASA II, escalada para ser submetida a ATQ bilateral em um único estágio. Uso de corticosteroide por 13 anos. Hemoglobina = 10,1 g.dL-1, hematócrito = 32,7 por cento. Monitoração de rotina. Raquianestesia com 15 mg de bupivacaína 0,5 por cento isobárica. Anestesia geral com propofol (PFS) e remifentanil e intubação sem bloqueadores neuromusculares. ATQ direita e no final, bloqueio plexo lombar com estimulador e conjunto agulha 150 mm e injeção de 20 mL bupivacaína 0,2 por cento e passagem de cateter. ATQ esquerda e, no final, mesmo procedimento. Estudado dispersão do anestésico e contraste. Instalado bomba elastomérica com bupivacaína 0,1 por cento (400 mL) em velocidade de 14 mL.h-1. Transferida para Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI). Vinte e quatro horas após, nova bomba com a mesma solução. Nenhum bolus durante 50 horas. Após remoção de cateter, dor controlada por via oral com cetoprofeno e dipirona. CONCLUSÕES: O bloqueio bilateral contínuo periférico com infusão de bupivacaína a 0,1 por cento com bombas elastoméricas é um procedimento seguro e efetivo em adultos.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The number of bilateral total hip arthroplasties (THA) has been increasing every year. Postoperative analgesia by continuous perineural infusion of local anesthetic has been shown favorable results when compared to systemic analgesia. The use of elastomeric pumps has increased patient satisfaction when compared to electronic models. The objective of this report was to describe a case of continuous bilateral posterior lumbar plexus block with an elastomeric infusion pump in a patient submitted to bilateral hip arthroplasty. CASE REPORT: This is a 46 year-old female patient weighing 65 kg, 162 cm, with rheumatoid arthritis and hypertension, physical status ASA II, scheduled for bilateral THA in a single stage. She had been on corticosteroids for 13 years. Hemoglobin = 10.1 g.dL-1, hematocrit = 32.7 percent. Routine monitoring. Spinal anesthesia with 15 mg of 0.5 percent isobaric bupivacaine. General anesthesia with propofol (PFS) and remifentanil, and intubation without neuromuscular blockers. Right THA and, at the end, lumbar plexus block with a stimulator and a set of 150 mm needle and injection of 20 mL of 0.2 percent bupivacaine and introduction of a catheter. Left THA and, at the end, the same procedure. Anesthetic dispersion and contrast were investigated. Elastomeric pump was installed with 0.1 percent bupivacaine (400 mL) at a rate of 14 mL.h-1. The patient was transferred to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). After 24 hour, a new pump was installed with the same solution. She did not receive any boluses for 50 hours. After removal of the catheter, pain was controlled with oral ketoprofen and dypirone. CONCLUSIONS: Continuous peripheral blockade with infusion of 0.1 percent bupivacaine with elastomeric pumps is a safe and effective procedure in adults.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Las cifras de la artroplastia total de cadera bilateral han venido aumentando a cada año. La analgesia postoperatoria por la infusión continua perineural con anestésico local, se ha revelado como favorable cuando se le compara a la analgesia sistémica. El uso de bombas elastoméricas ha aumentado la satisfacción del paciente cuando se compara con los modelos electrónicos. El objetivo de este relato fue describir un caso de analgesia continua bilateral del plexo lumbar vía posterior, con infusión continua a través de una bomba elastomérica, en un paciente sometido a una artroplastia bilateral de cadera. RELATO DEL CASO: Paciente femenina, de 46 años, 65 kg, 162 cm, con artritis reumatoide e hipertensión arterial, estado físico ASA II, escogida para ser sometida a ATP bilateral en un solo estadio. Usaba corticosteroide durante 13 años. Hemoglobina = 10,1 g.dL-1, hematocrito = 32,7 por ciento. Monitorización de rutina. Raquianestesia con 15 mg de bupivacaína al 0,5 por ciento isobárica. Anestesia general con propofol (PFS) y remifentanil, e intubación sin bloqueantes neuromusculares. ATC derecha y al final, bloqueo plexo lumbar con estimulador y conjunto de aguja 150 mm e inyección 20 mL de bupivacaína al 0,2 por ciento con introducción de catéter. ATC izquierda y al final, el mismo procedimiento. Se analizó la dispersión del anestésico y el contraste. Se instaló la bomba elastomérica con bupivacaína al 0,1 por ciento (400 mL) a una velocidad de 14 mL.h-1. Se le derivó a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI). Veinticuatro 24 horas después, se le aplicó una nueva bomba con la misma solución. Ningún bolo durante 50 horas. Después de la retirada del catéter, se controló el dolor por vía oral con cetoprofeno y dipirona. CONCLUSIONES: El bloqueo bilateral continuo periférico con infusión de bupivacaína al 0,1 por ciento con bombas elastoméricas es un procedimiento seguro y efectivo en los adultos.

Reevaluation of the airways of obese patients undergone bariatric surgery after reduction in body mass index.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Difficulty intubating is a cause of mortality in anesthesiology and it can be related to obesity. The diagnosis of difficult intubation contributes for successful airways management. However, parameters that predict difficult airways are not well established. Mallampati classification, the interincisor gap, neck circumference, thyromental distance, and the presence of obstructive sleep apnea, are parameters that can indicate difficult intubation. Surgical treatment of obesity provides reduction in body mass index (BMI) with stabilization after about 2 years. The objective of the present study was to reevaluate the parameters described above and compare them with pre-surgical values. METHODS: The BMI, Mallampati classification, neck circumference, interincisor gap, thyromental distance, and the degree of obstructive sleep apnea in polysomnography were evaluated in 51 patients of both genders in the preoperative period. Two years after the surgery and reduction of the BMI to < 35 kg.m(-2), predictor factors of difficult airways were reevaluated by another anesthesiologist who knew the patients' BMI before surgery. Nine patients were excluded. The new reevaluation was performed, and for those who did not have another polysomnography the somnolence scale of Epiworth was applied. RESULTS: Forty-two patients were reevaluated. They showed a reduction in BMI and neck circumference, and an increase in both interincisor gap and thyromental distance. Only one patient showed a reduction in Mallampati scale, and only 4 patients performed polysomnography. CONCLUSIONS: Reduction of the BMI allows for an increased interincisor gap, thyromental distance, and reduction in neck circumference. Mallampati classification remains the same.

Reavaliação da via aérea do paciente obeso submetido à cirurgia bariátrica após a redução do índice de massa corpórea / Reevaluation of the airways of obese patients undergone bariatric surgery after reduction in body mass index / Nueva evaluación de la vía aérea del paciente obeso sometido a la cirugía bariátrica, después de la reducción del índice de masa corporal

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A dificuldade na intubação traqueal é causa de mortalidade em anestesiologia e pode estar relacionada à obesidade. Diagnosticar uma intubação difícil contribui para o êxito da abordagem da via aérea, mas os parâmetros preditores de intubação difícil não estão bem estabelecidos. A classificação de Mallampati, a distância interincisivos, a circunferência do pescoço, a distância tireomentoniana e a presença da síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono são parâmetros que podem indicar uma intubação difícil. O tratamento cirúrgico da obesidade proporciona redução do índice de massa corpórea (IMC), com estabilização por volta de 2 anos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi reavaliar os parâmetros descritos com os valores pré-cirúrgicos. MÉTODO: Cinquenta e um pacientes de ambos os sexos foram avaliados no período pré-operatório quanto a IMC, classificação de Mallampati, circunferência do pescoço, distância interincisivos, distância tireomentoniana e grau da síndrome de apneia obstrutiva do sono por meio da polissonografia. Após dois anos de cirurgia e redução do IMC < 35 kg.m-2, os preditores de intubação difícil foram reavaliados por outro médico anestesiologista com conhecimento do IMC prévio. Foram excluídos nove pacientes. Executou-se reavaliação dos parâmetros supracitados e, para os que não realizaram nova polissonografia, aplicou-se a escala de sonolência de Epiworth. RESULTADOS: Quarenta e dois pacientes foram reavaliados e mostraram redução do IMC e da circunferência do pescoço e aumento das distâncias interincisivos e tireomentoniana. Apenas um paciente apresentou redução na escala de Mallampati e somente quatro realizaram a polissonografia. CONCLUSÕES: A redução do IMC proporciona aumento das distâncias interincisivos e tireomentoniana e redução da circunferência do pescoço. O Mallampati permanece inalterado.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Difficulty intubating is a cause of mortality in anesthesiology and it can be related to obesity. The diagnosis of difficult intubation contributes for successful airways management. However, parameters that predict difficult airways are not well established. Mallampati classification, the interincisor gap, neck circumference, thyromental distance, and the presence of obstructive sleep apnea, are parameters that can indicate difficult intubation. Surgical treatment of obesity provides reduction in body mass index (BMI) with stabilization after about 2 years. The objective of the present study was to reevaluate the parameters described above and compare them with pre-surgical values. METHODS: The BMI, Mallampati classification, neck circumference, interincisor gap, thyromental distance, and the degree of obstructive sleep apnea in polysomnography were evaluated in 51 patients of both genders in the preoperative period. Two years after the surgery and reduction of the BMI to < 35 kg.m-2, predictor factors of difficult airways were reevaluated by another anesthesiologist who knew the patients' BMI before surgery. Nine patients were excluded. The new reevaluation was performed, and for those who did not have another polysomnography the somnolence scale of Epiworth was applied. RESULTS: Forty-two patients were reevaluated. They showed a reduction in BMI and neck circumference, and an increase in both interincisor gap and thyromental distance. Only one patient showed a reduction in Mallampati scale, and only 4 patients performed polysomnography. CONCLUSIONS: Reduction of the BMI allows for an increased interincisor gap, thyromental distance, and reduction in neck circumference. Mallampati classification remains the same.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La dificultad en la intubación traqueal es la causa de mortalidad en anestesiología y puede estar relacionada con la obesidad. Diagnosticar la intubación difícil contribuye para el éxito del abordaje de la vía aérea, pero los parámetros de predicción de la intubación difícil todavía no están bien establecidos. La clasificación de Mallampati, la distancia interincisivos, la circunferencia del cuello, la distancia tiromentoniana y la presencia del síndrome de la apnea obstructiva del sueño son parámetros que pueden indicar la intubación difícil. El tratamiento quirúrgico de la obesidad proporciona una reducción del índice de masa corporal (IMC), con su estabilización alrededor de los dos años. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar nuevamente los parámetros anteriormente descritos con los valores prequirúrgicos. MÉTODO: Cincuenta y un pacientes de los dos sexos, fueron evaluados en el período preoperatorio en cuanto a su IMC, la clasificación de Mallampati, la circunferencia del cuello, la distancia interincisivos, la distancia tiromentoniana y el grado del síndrome de la apnea obstructiva del sueño, por medio de la polisonografía. Después de dos años de efectuada la cirugía y la reducción del IMC < a35 kg.m-2 los predictores de intubación difícil se evaluaron nuevamente por otro médico anestesiólogo que conocía el IMC con anterioridad. Fueron excluidos nueve pacientes. Se ejecutó la nueva evaluación de los parámetros anteriormente citados, y para los que no se realizó una nueva polisonografía se aplicó la escala de somnolencia de Epiworth. RESULTADOS: De los 42 pacientes evaluados de nuevo, algunos presentaron reducción del IMC, de la circunferencia del cuello, de la distancia interincisivos y tiromentoniana. Apenas un paciente presentó reducción en la escala de Mallampati y solo 4 realizaron la polisonografía. CONCLUSIONES: La reducción del IMC aumenta las distancias interincisivas y tiromentonianas. Se verifica la reducción de la circunferencia del cuello. El Mallampati permanece sin alteraciones.